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Spread & networksPsychology & interventions Shared partisanship dramatically increases social tie formation in a Twitter field experimentA Twitter field experiment with bot accounts reveals that shared partisanship causally drives social tie formation: users were nearly three times more likely to reciprocally follow accounts matching their political party, regardless of the account's partisan intensity. Critically, this preference was symmetric—Democrats and Republicans… Mosleh et al. · National Academy of Sciences · 2021

Psychology & interventionsSpread & networks Cognitive reflection correlates with behavior on TwitterHigh scorers on the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)—a measure of analytical thinking—are more discerning social media users: they follow fewer accounts, share news from more reliable sources, and engage more with substantive topics like politics. The study identifies "cognitive echo chambers" where low-CRT users preferentially follow… Mosleh et al. · Nature Communications · 2021

Psychology & interventionsPlatforms, policy & society Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don'tA survey of 1,299 U.S. citizens tests whether four types of media literacy—media, information, news, and digital—predict ability to identify fake news. Only information literacy (the ability to search and evaluate verified sources) significantly improves fake news identification; media, news, and digital literacies showed no significant… Jones-Jang et al. · American Behavioral Scientist · 2021

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Examining the consumption of radical content on YouTubeLarge-scale study of 309,813 U.S. users' YouTube and web browsing from 2016–2019 finds that news consumption on YouTube is dominated by mainstream, centrist sources. While far-right content exists and engages users intensely, it remains a small and stable share. Hosseinmardi et al. · PNAS · 2021

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society The echo chamber effect on social mediaComparative analysis of 100+ million posts across Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, and Gab on controversial topics shows echo chambers operate differently by platform: Facebook and Twitter exhibit strong homophilic clustering and polarized information diffusion, while Reddit and Gab show single-sided communities without the biased diffusion… Cinelli et al. · National Academy of Sciences · 2021

Detection methodsDeepfakes & multimodal Media Forensics and DeepFakes: an overviewA comprehensive survey of media forensics and deepfake detection methods spanning fifteen years of research. The paper reviews both conventional signal-processing approaches (blind methods, sensor-based, handcrafted features) and deep learning-based detection techniques, covers major datasets and their characteristics, discusses… Verdoliva · arXiv · 2020

Spread & networksBots & coordinated campaigns On the Detection of Disinformation Campaign Activity with Network AnalysisState-sponsored disinformation campaigns on Twitter exhibit distinct coordination patterns (shared messages, hashtags, URLs, retweet cascades) that differ from legitimate coordinated activity. The paper proposes using coordination network features—extracted from daily account interactions—to train a binary classifier that detects… Vargas et al. · Cloud Computing Security Workshop · 2020

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society A first look at COVID-19 information and misinformation sharing on TwitterEarly-pandemic analysis of 21 million COVID-19 tweets showing Twitter conversations predict case increases by 2–5 days; identifies five prevalent myths (origin, flu comparison, heat, home remedies, vaccine) accounting for ~0.6% of tweets; finds most shared URLs point to reputable sources (CDC, WHO) rather than misinformation sites,… Singh et al. · arXiv · 2020 Detection methodsLLMs & generative AI The Limitations of Stylometry for Detecting Machine-Generated Fake NewsWhile stylometry effectively detects impersonation and provenance, it fails to distinguish between legitimate and malicious uses of language models for generating false content. LMs produce stylistically consistent text regardless of veracity, and adding even a single auto-generated sentence within human-written text evades stylometric… Schuster et al. · Computational Linguistics · 2020

Bots & coordinated campaignsSpread & networks Uncovering Coordinated Networks on Social Media: Methods and Case StudiesThis paper proposes a general, unsupervised, network-based methodology to detect coordinated inauthentic behavior on social media. The approach identifies behavioral traces (handle changes, image sharing, hashtag sequences, co-retweets, synchronized actions) and constructs bipartite networks to discover clusters of accounts likely… Pacheco et al. · ICWSM · 2020

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Exposure to untrustworthy websites in the 2016 US electionUsing combined survey and web-traffic data from the 2016 US presidential election, Guess et al. found that while 44.3% of Americans aged 18+ visited an untrustworthy website during the campaign, actual exposure was highly concentrated among Trump supporters (56.7% of Trump supporters vs. 27.7% of Clinton supporters). Facebook played a… Guess et al. · Nature Human Behaviour · 2020

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Assessing the risks of 'infodemics' in response to COVID-19 epidemicsAnalysis of 112+ million geolocated Twitter messages about COVID-19 (January–March 2020) across 64 languages and countries. Develops an infodemic risk index (IRI) measuring exposure to unreliable news; demonstrates that waves of unreliable information precede pandemic waves, providing early-warning signals for policy intervention. Gallotti et al. · Nature Human Behaviour · 2020

Fact-checking & verificationPlatforms, policy & society Types, Sources, and Claims of COVID-19 MisinformationSystematic analysis of 225 fact-checked COVID-19 misinformation pieces reveals that most false content reconfigures existing information (59%) rather than fabricating entirely new claims. Public authorities are cited in 39% of misinformation, yet top-down claims from politicians and celebrities account for only 20% of volume but drive… Brennen et al. · Reuters Institute for the Study of… · 2020

Detection methodsFact-checking & verification Generating Fact Checking ExplanationsThis paper presents the first study on automatically generating explanations for fact-checking veracity predictions. The authors show that jointly optimizing both veracity classification and explanation generation improves system performance. Atanasova et al. · arXiv · 2020

LLMs & generative AIDetection methods TextAttack: A Framework for Adversarial Attacks, Data Augmentation, and Adversarial Training in NLPIntroduces TextAttack, an open-source Python framework unifying 16 adversarial attacks from the literature into a modular architecture for testing and improving NLP model robustness. The framework decomposes attacks into four reusable components (goal function, constraints, transformation, search method), enables benchmarking attacks on… Morris et al. · arXiv · 2020

LLMs & generative AIDetection methods A Survey of the State of Explainable AI for Natural Language ProcessingRecent neural NLP models achieve strong performance but are often opaque. This survey systematically reviews explainable AI (XAI) research in NLP across 50 papers from major conferences (2013–2019), categorizing explanations by scope (local vs. global) and generation (self-explaining vs. post-hoc), detailing five major techniques… Danilevsky et al. · arXiv · 2020

Datasets & evaluationSpread & networks A large-scale COVID-19 Twitter chatter dataset for open scientific research - an international collaborationBanda et al. release a massive curated corpus of 800+ million COVID-19–related tweets collected from January through November 2020, with deduplication and language diversity. The dataset adheres to FAIR principles and provides both raw tweets and metadata (terms, bigrams, trigrams, hashtags, emojis, mentions) to support research on… Banda et al. · arXiv · 2020

Deepfakes & multimodalDetection methods Detecting Cross-Modal Inconsistency to Defend Against Neural Fake NewsMachine-generated news articles with images and captions exploit visual-semantic inconsistencies that humans struggle to detect. This paper introduces DIDAN, a named entity-based approach to identify cross-modal semantic mismatches, and the NeuralNews dataset of 128K articles to benchmark multimodal fake news detection. Tan et al. · arXiv · 2020

Detection methodsLLMs & generative AI Misinformation Has High PerplexityFalse claims have measurably higher perplexity when scored by a language model primed with truthful evidence, while true claims have lower perplexity. The authors exploit this observation to build an unsupervised debunker that achieves 75% accuracy on scientific COVID-19 claims with minimal labeled data, releasing two new annotated test… Lee et al. · arXiv · 2020

LLMs & generative AIPlatforms, policy & society Language Models are Few-Shot LearnersThis landmark paper introduces GPT-3, a 175-billion-parameter autoregressive language model, and demonstrates that it achieves strong performance on diverse NLP tasks through in-context few-shot learning without any task-specific fine-tuning. The model exhibits remarkable scaling properties where larger models dramatically improve… Brown et al. · NeurIPS 2020 · 2020

Fact-checking & verificationDetection methods Where Are the Facts? Searching for Fact-checked Information to Alleviate the Spread of Fake NewsProposes a framework to automatically find fact-checking articles that address claims in original tweets. Uses a multimodal attention network (MAN) combining textual and visual content from tweets with fact-checking article text to rank candidate fact-checks; demonstrates that multimodal retrieval substantially outperforms text-only… Vo & Lee · arXiv · 2020

Psychology & interventionsPlatforms, policy & society Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19COVID-19 misinformation has proliferated rapidly on social media, undermining public health responses and vaccination uptake. Rather than relying on post-hoc fact-checking (which spreads slower than misinformation), the authors propose psychological inoculation—exposing people to weakened doses of misinformation techniques beforehand to… van der Linden et al. · Frontiers in Psychology · 2020

Deepfakes & multimodalDetection methods DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake DetectionThis comprehensive survey reviews face manipulation techniques and detection methods in the era of deep learning. It categorizes facial manipulations into four types—entire face synthesis, identity swap, attribute manipulation, and expression swap—and surveys both generation and detection approaches across public datasets and benchmarks. Tolosana et al. · arXiv · 2020

Detection methodsSpread & networks Mining Disinformation and Fake News: Concepts, Methods, and Recent AdvancementsThis comprehensive tutorial surveys the landscape of fake news and disinformation research across three dimensions: understanding user engagement in information disorder, techniques for detecting and mitigating false content, and emerging challenges like fake news literacy and neural generation. The authors emphasize weak social… Shu et al. · Book chapter · 2020