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LLMs & generative AIDatasets & evaluation Beyond Speculation: Measuring the Growing Presence of LLM-Generated Texts in Multilingual DisinformationThis empirical study provides the first measurement of LLM-generated content in real-world disinformation datasets. Analyzing the MultiClaim dataset (fact-checked social media posts), the authors document a 99% increase in machine-generated content from 2021 to 2023 (0.93% to 1.85%), correlating with ChatGPT's November 2022 release. Macko et al. · IEEE Computer · 2026

Datasets & evaluationLLMs & generative AI MALicious INTent Dataset and Inoculating LLMs for Enhanced Disinformation DetectionMALINT is the first human-annotated English corpus pairing 1,600 news articles with annotations of both credibility and the malicious intentions behind disinformation. The paper evaluates 12 language models on intent classification and proposes Intent-Based Inoculation (IBI), an intent-augmented reasoning approach that improves zero-shot… Modzelewski et al. · arXiv · 2026

Deepfakes & multimodalDetection methods Seeing Through Deception: Uncovering Misleading Creator Intent in Multimodal News with Vision-Language ModelsThis paper introduces DECEPTIONDECODED, a benchmark of 12,000 image-caption pairs for evaluating multimodal misinformation detection with focus on creator intent. The authors find that state-of-the-art vision-language models struggle with intent reasoning and rely on superficial cues, motivating a framework for intent-aware multimodal… Wu et al. · ICLR 2026 · 2026

Datasets & evaluationDeepfakes & multimodal From Manipulation to Mistrust: Explaining Diverse Micro-Video Misinformation for Robust Debunking in the WildThe paper introduces WildFakeBench, a benchmark of 10,000+ real-world micro-videos spanning diverse misinformation types (manipulation, bias, AI-generated content, out-of-context) from six social platforms. The authors propose FakeAgent, a multi-agent reasoning framework combining neural networks and large language models, which achieves… Zeng et al. · ACM International Conference · 2026

Detection methodsDatasets & evaluation A Decision-Based Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network for Multi-Class Fake News DetectionProposes DHGAT (Decision-based Heterogeneous Graph Attention Network), a semi-supervised method for six-class fake news classification on the LIAR dataset. Unlike standard GNNs that apply uniform neighborhood aggregation, DHGAT models news as heterogeneous graphs with multiple edge types derived from speaker profiles and enables each… Lakzaei et al. · arXiv · 2025

Detection methodsDatasets & evaluation Neighborhood-Order Learning Graph Attention Network for Fake News DetectionProposes NOL-GAT (Neighborhood-Order Learning Graph Attention Network), a GNN architecture that allows each node to adaptively select its optimal hop-neighborhood at each layer, bypassing the fixed L-hop limitation of conventional message-passing GNNs. Evaluated on five fake news datasets, NOL-GAT outperforms baseline GNN methods,… Lakzaei et al. · arXiv · 2025

Deepfakes & multimodalDatasets & evaluation VLDBench: Evaluating Multimodal Disinformation with Regulatory AlignmentVLDBench is the first large-scale human-verified benchmark for multimodal disinformation detection, comprising 31,339 news articles paired with images across 13 topical categories. Evaluation of 9 LLMs and 10 VLMs shows vision-language models substantially outperform text-only baselines (e.g., LLaMA-3.2-11B-Vision: 74.82% accuracy), but… Raza et al. · arXiv · 2025

Datasets & evaluationDetection methods A Guide to Misinformation Detection Data and EvaluationThis work surveys the largest collection of misinformation detection datasets to date (75 datasets from prior literature) and evaluates dataset quality across multiple dimensions. The authors assess whether datasets enable reliable veracity evaluation by analyzing keyword correlations, temporal correlations, and feasibility of claim… Thibault et al. · KDD '25 — 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on… · 2025

Detection methodsLLMs & generative AI Bridging Thoughts and Words: Graph-Based Intent-Semantic Joint Learning for Fake News DetectionExisting fake news detectors rely on surface-level semantic patterns (emotional language, stylistic cues) and fail when writing styles shift. This paper proposes InSIDE, which combines semantic and intent signals via heterogeneous graphs: intent models the purpose behind an article (e.g., promoting a product), while semantics capture… Wang et al. · CIKM · 2025

Detection methodsLLMs & generative AI Is Less Really More? Fake News Detection with Limited InformationSLIM (Systematically-selected Limited Information) replaces full news article text with strategically chosen subsets — extracted keywords, POS/NER sequence tags, or textual metadata — to address the computational cost and data-sparsity limitations of full-text fake news detection. Information-theoretic measures (normalized Shannon… Cao et al. · arXiv · 2025

Deepfakes & multimodalDetection methods Exposing the Deception: Uncovering More Forgery Clues for Deepfake DetectionThis paper proposes a framework for deepfake detection that extracts both local and global forgery clues by decomposing facial features into disentangled local representations. Using mutual information theory to ensure comprehensive yet non-overlapping feature extraction, the method achieves state-of-the-art results on five benchmark… Ba et al. · arXiv · 2024

LLMs & generative AIDatasets & evaluation Advancing Graph Representation Learning with Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of TechniquesThis comprehensive survey analyzes the integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Graph Representation Learning (GRL), breaking down the design space into two primary components—knowledge extractors and organizers—plus operation techniques for integration and training. The work provides a novel taxonomy for understanding how LLMs… Mao et al. · arXiv · 2024

LLMs & generative AIDatasets & evaluation The Looming Threat of Fake and LLM-generated LinkedIn Profiles: Challenges and Opportunities for Detection and PreventionLinkedIn's lack of verification enables fake accounts that harm legitimate users and the platform's integrity. This work introduces a dataset of 3600 profiles (legitimate, manually created fake, and ChatGPT-generated) and proposes SSTE, a method that detects fake profiles immediately after registration using only profile text. Ayoobi et al. · 3rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media · 2023

LLMs & generative AIDatasets & evaluation A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language ModelsThis survey provides a comprehensive review of evaluation methodologies for large language models across three dimensions: what to evaluate, where to evaluate, and how to evaluate. The paper encompasses evaluation tasks spanning natural language processing, natural language generation, robustness, ethics, bias detection, trustworthiness,… Chang et al. · Journal of the ACM · 2023

LLMs & generative AIPlatforms, policy & society Trustworthy LLMs: A Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' AlignmentThis survey provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating LLM trustworthiness across seven dimensions: reliability, safety, fairness, resistance to misuse, explainability, social norms, and robustness. The authors present a detailed taxonomy with 29 sub-categories, conduct empirical measurements on widely-used LLMs (GPT-4, ChatGPT,… Liu et al. · arXiv · 2023

Fact-checking & verificationLLMs & generative AI The Perils & Promises of Fact-checking with Large Language ModelsThis paper evaluates GPT-3.5 and GPT-4's ability to fact-check claims across English-only and multilingual datasets, showing GPT-4 substantially outperforms GPT-3.5 but both models show inconsistent accuracy when dealing with ambiguous verdicts. Critically, incorporating contextual information via Google Search significantly improves… Quelle & Bovet · arXiv · 2023

LLMs & generative AIDetection methods Adapting Fake News Detection to the Era of Large Language ModelsAs large language models proliferate and machine-generated text becomes prevalent, traditional fake news detectors trained exclusively on human-written content are increasingly unreliable. This paper evaluates fake news detectors across three hypothetical eras—human-written dominance, mixed human-machine content, and machine-generated… Su et al. · arXiv · 2023

LLMs & generative AIDetection methods The Science of Detecting LLM-Generated TextsThis survey comprehensively reviews techniques for detecting LLM-generated text, a critical problem given concerns about misinformation, academic dishonesty, and unauthorized use. The authors categorize detection approaches into black-box (API-level access) and white-box (full model access) methods, discuss watermarking strategies,… Tang et al. · arXiv · 2023

LLMs & generative AIFact-checking & verification Survey on Factuality in Large Language Models: Knowledge, Retrieval and Domain-SpecificityThis comprehensive survey addresses the critical problem of factuality in large language models, examining how LLMs store and retrieve knowledge, analyzing the mechanisms through which they generate false or misleading content, and reviewing evaluation metrics and enhancement strategies. The paper distinguishes factuality issues from… Wang et al. · arXiv · 2023

LLMs & generative AIDetection methods A Survey on LLM-Generated Text Detection: Necessity, Methods, and Future DirectionsAs LLMs become ubiquitous, detecting machine-generated text is critical for mitigating risks of misinformation, academic dishonesty, and misuse. This survey comprehensively reviews detection strategies—watermarking techniques, statistical methods, neural-based detectors, and human-assisted approaches—along with datasets, evaluation… Wu et al. · arXiv · 2023

LLMs & generative AIDatasets & evaluation How Do Large Language Models Capture the Ever-changing World Knowledge? A Review of Recent AdvancesThis survey reviews methods for aligning large language models with ever-changing world knowledge without retraining from scratch. The authors systematically categorize approaches as either implicit (modifying LLM parameters directly via knowledge editing or continual learning) or explicit (augmenting LLMs with external resources via… Zhang et al. · arXiv · 2023

Detection methodsLLMs & generative AI 3HAN: A Deep Neural Network for Fake News DetectionProposes 3HAN, a three-level hierarchical attention network for fake news detection that models articles as a hierarchy of words, sentences, and headlines. The model assigns differential importance weights to different parts via attention mechanisms, achieving 96.77% accuracy while providing interpretable attention visualizations showing… Singhania et al. · arXiv · 2023

Detection methodsLLMs & generative AI Linguistic-style-aware Neural Networks for Fake News DetectionHERO (Hierarchical Recursive Neural Network) detects fake news by learning the linguistic style encoded in hierarchical linguistic trees — structures that jointly capture syntactic constituency and rhetorical discourse organization from word to document. Unlike prior handcrafted approaches that extract node-level statistics (word… Zhou et al. · arXiv · 2023

Detection methodsDatasets & evaluation From Fake News to #FakeNews: Mining Direct and Indirect Relationships among Hashtags for Fake News DetectionHashtags reveal news credibility signals during propagation: fake news clusters with hashtags used primarily for misinformation, while true news uses hashtags associated with reliable content. The authors propose NewsTag, a language-independent semi-supervised algorithm that mines both direct co-occurrence and indirect relationships… Zhou et al. · ACM Conference · 2022