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Platforms, policy & societySpread & networks Algorithmic Intervention Decreases Polarization in Content ModerationX's Community Notes transitioned from simple majority voting to a bridging algorithm that rewards agreement across ideologically diverse contributors. Comparing 8,805 notes and 4,367 contributors before and after this change (July 2021–September 2022), ideological polarization in both contributor and note positions decreased… Bertani et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksDetection methods Where Does Rhetorical Distortion Live? A Multi-Platform, Multi-Language Measurement of Influencer ContentRhetorical distortion—misleading framing that inflates significance, manufactures anxiety, or misrepresents novelty—is not uniformly distributed across platforms or account types. This work measures five linguistic dimensions of distortion (Significance Inflation, Anxiety Manufacture, Novelty Claims, Loaded Language, Temporal Distortion)… Yu et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society New Election, Same Old Story: How Tropes Form a Grammar of Election RumorsElection rumors follow recurring narrative patterns organized as a three-layer framework: meta-categories (actors, objects, actions, scenes, remedies) that combine into meso-tropes (villain, conspiracy, etc.), which manifest as micro-tropes (specific claims about mail voting, machines, etc.). Analysis of 590 rumors from 2020–2022 U.S.… Prochaska et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksDatasets & evaluation Friends as Sensors: High-Sensitivity Monitoring of Misinformation and Platform Dynamics via the Friendship ParadoxThe friendship paradox—a network property where a user's friends are, on average, better connected than the user themselves—enables high-sensitivity monitoring of misinformation on Twitter/X. Comparing ~27 million tweets from randomly selected users to ~31 million from accounts those users retweet (the "sensors"), the authors find: (1)… Angermaier et al. · arXiv · 2026

Bots & coordinated campaignsSpread & networks Birds of a Feather Flock Together: Network-Based Detection of Coordinated Disinformation Campaigns on TelegramA graph-based methodology discovers coordinated disinformation campaigns on Telegram by analyzing message-sharing patterns rather than content, requiring only structural relationships. The authors identified 55 disinformation channels and over 86,000 identical message chains spanning multiple channels, revealing a highly synchronized… Tsagkarakis et al. · SECRYPT · 2026

Spread & networksPsychology & interventions Conspiracy and Environment Communities on Reddit Sort Along Different Demographic AxesConspiracy and environmental communities on Reddit exhibit distinct demographic sorting mechanisms. Conspiracy communities show upstream sorting—users self-segregate by gender and partisanship before entry through ideologically-aligned information environments. Sánchez-Cortés et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Why Does Misinformation Propagate Faster? An Algorithmic Perspective on XMisinformation propagates faster on X due to an "engagement fungibility mechanism" in the platform's score-aggregation layer: fast engagement signals (likes, retweets) are treated as interchangeable evidence of quality with slow signals (replies, quotes), allowing low-credibility content that draws disproportionately from instant… Li & Gao · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Strategic Opinion Manipulation in Multiplex NetworksThis paper models how agents strategically manipulate consensus when opinions are aggregated across multiple platforms or channels. By analyzing the resulting game as a DeGroot-like process on merged layers with strategic misreporting costs, the authors show that merging layers dilutes manipulation by default—but can amplify it through… Ebrahimi & Franceschetti · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Two Fault Lines: Latent Polarity Geometry in X Community NotesX's Community Notes system assumes disagreement is one-dimensional (left/right politics) to decide when notes should be published via a "bridging" mechanism. This paper shows the space is actually two-dimensional: the first axis captures political polarization, while a second axis independently captures disagreement on topics like… Andreou & Sirivianos · arXiv · 2026

Platforms, policy & societySpread & networks Control-Theoretic Content ModerationContent moderation at the platform level requires balancing multiple competing objectives (reducing harmful content, preserving engagement, maintaining activity). This paper formulates platform-level moderation as a feedback control problem with a multi-objective loss function, proposes control-theoretic moderators (including… Tessa et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPsychology & interventions How neighbourhood ideology shapes misinformation belief in densely tied social networksPrior work decouples ideological bias and social influence when modeling misinformation propagation; this paper integrates them through an agent-based contagion model that distinguishes an individual's ideological intensity from a claim's ideological alignment. Simulation and analytical results show that in densely clustered… Karimi et al. · arXiv · 2026

Psychology & interventionsSpread & networks Unifying Models of Intergroup Hostility in Online DiscourseHostile rhetoric toward outgroups in online discourse can be modeled through six mechanisms (boundary construction, threat construction, scapegoating, negative evaluation, dehumanization, action orientation) whose structural and temporal relationships were previously understood separately through competing theoretical frameworks. By… Gerard et al. · arXiv · 2026

Detection methodsPsychology & interventions A Multi-Branch Feature Fusion Approach for Health Misinformation Detection and PropagationThe paper presents a multi-branch fusion framework for detecting and characterizing health misinformation on social media, grounded in psychological theories (Elaboration Likelihood Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour). The model fuses transformer embeddings with rhetorical, stance, and theory-motivated linguistic features in a unified… Sikosana et al. · IEEE Access · 2026

Spread & networksLLMs & generative AI One AI Signal, Many Human Judgments: A Bayesian Cascade Analysis of AI-based Credibility Indicators in Online Information SpreadSocial media platforms increasingly deploy AI-based credibility indicators to help users judge misinformation. This paper extends classical Bayesian cascade models to treat AI credibility signals as a shared public signal seen by all users, then derives a critical "Gateway" threshold: above it, AI predictions dominate the public record;… Lu et al. · arXiv · 2026

Bots & coordinated campaignsSpread & networks Social bots weaken activist cohesionSocial bots during protest peaks weaken the human relational infrastructure of activism. Analyzing 2.5M tweets from the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, the authors show that networks more exposed to bot infiltration suffered steeper declines in human cohesion (triadic closure and edge density) after the peak, with effects concentrated… Li et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPsychology & interventions Modeling Duelling Contagions of True and False Information in the Face of Inherent Individual biasesThis paper proposes CI-SRW, an agent-based co-diffusion model integrating cognitive biases with network dynamics to explain how competing true and false information spread in social media. Using behavioral experiments and simulations, the authors find that manipulative narratives dominate when early spreaders hold them, cognitive biases… Krishna et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Quantifying Political Partisanship for Cross-Platform AnalysesPolitical partisanship measurement in social media typically relies on platform-specific features (follower networks, community structure), making cross-platform comparison difficult. This work proposes a text-based partisanship measurement method grounded in external media bias ratings, and validates it on ~1.3 million posts from… Ameen & Healey · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksDetection methods Network Information Enhances Unreliable News Domain DetectionContent-based detection of unreliable news is increasingly difficult as low-reliability sources mimic credible journalism. The authors show that network structure—how domains co-occur in social networks—can improve news-domain reliability classification. Kefler et al. · arXiv · 2026

Spread & networksDetection methods Spectral Analysis of Fake News PropagationThe paper develops a spectral view of fake news propagation by connecting graph spectra with structural properties of propagation trees. The authors derive spectral bounds capturing five key aspects of cascade structure—branching capacity, cascade scale, structural cohesion, propagation span, and diffusion dynamics—and use them as graph… Cai & Zafarani · SIAM · 2026