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Datasets & evaluationFact-checking & verification Liar, Liar Pants on Fire: A New Benchmark Dataset for Fake News DetectionThis paper introduces LIAR, a benchmark dataset of 12,836 manually labeled short statements from POLITIFACT.COM spanning 2007–2016, addressing the critical lack of labeled data for fake news detection. Each statement is annotated with fine-grained veracity labels (pants-fire, false, barely-true, half-true, mostly-true, true) and rich… Wang · arXiv · 2017

Fact-checking & verificationDatasets & evaluation Finding Streams in Knowledge Graphs to Support Fact CheckingKnowledge Stream (KS) is an unsupervised network-flow approach for computational fact-checking that treats a knowledge graph as a flow network. For a triple (subject, predicate, object), KS finds multiple paths connecting subject to object and uses edge capacities (based on relational similarity and node specificity) to compute a truth… Shiralkar et al. · arXiv · 2017

Detection methodsFact-checking & verification Truth of Varying Shades: Analyzing Language in Fake News and Political Fact-CheckingThis paper performs a linguistic analysis of fake news across four categories—satire, hoaxes, propaganda, and trusted news—using lexical features (LIWC, subjectivity, hedging, intensifiers). Experiments show that fake news articles use more first-person pronouns, exaggerative language (superlatives, modal adverbs), and hedging, while… Rashkin et al. · 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in… · 2017

Spread & networksDatasets & evaluation SemEval-2017 Task 8: RumourEval: Determining rumour veracity and support for rumoursRumourEval is a shared task benchmark for detecting and verifying rumours in social media. It introduces two subtasks: (a) stance classification (SDQC: Support/Deny/Query/Comment) of replies to rumourous claims, and (b) veracity prediction (true/false) of source tweets. Derczynski et al. · 11th International Workshop on Semantic… · 2017

Psychology & interventionsPlatforms, policy & society Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate ChangeLarge-scale experiments (N=2,167) demonstrate that misinformation about scientific consensus on climate change nullifies the effect of consensus messaging. Pre-emptive inoculation—warning people about misleading tactics and providing refutations—preserves two-thirds of the consensus effect. van der Linden et al. · Global Challenges · 2017

Platforms, policy & societyFact-checking & verification Defining "Fake News": A typology of scholarly definitionsThis paper reviews 34 academic studies (2003–2017) that use the term "fake news" and proposes a unified typology based on two dimensions: level of facticity (reliance on facts) and author's intention to deceive. The typology identifies six distinct types—satire, parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda—clarifying… Tandoc et al. · Digital Journalism · 2017

Psychology & interventionsPlatforms, policy & society Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influencePre-emptively exposing people to flawed arguments before they encounter misinformation (inoculation) reduces that misinformation's influence. Two experiments tested this on climate change: false-balance media coverage (equal weight to consensus vs. contrarian scientists) and fake-expert arguments (using unqualified scientists to… Cook et al. · PLOS ONE · 2017

Datasets & evaluationFact-checking & verification Are You a Racist or Am I Seeing Things? Annotator Influence on Hate Speech Detection on TwitterThis paper compares hate speech detection systems trained on expert annotations (from feminist and anti-racism activists) versus amateur annotations (crowdsourced via CrowdFlower) on 6,909 tweets. Systems trained on expert annotations significantly outperform those trained on amateur data, and amateur annotators systematically label more… Waseem · 2016 EMNLP Workshop on Natural Language… · 2016

Fact-checking & verificationPlatforms, policy & society Boundaries Not Drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movementGraves maps the institutional landscape of 64+ fact-checking organizations globally across two summits (2014–2015), using ethnographic fieldwork and ternary plots to sort organizations along three axes: journalism, academia, and politics/civil society. The movement has a journalistic core but exhibits striking institutional diversity and… Graves · Journalism Studies · 2016

Fact-checking & verificationDatasets & evaluation Computational fact checking from knowledge networksThis paper proposes a computational approach to fact checking by framing it as a network problem on knowledge graphs. The method finds the shortest path between entities in Wikipedia's knowledge graph using semantic proximity metrics that account for entity generality. Ciampaglia et al. · arXiv · 2015

Platforms, policy & societyPsychology & interventions In Related News, That Was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social MediaThis study tests whether Facebook's "related stories" feature can correct misinformation by exposing users to debunking information. Two experiments (students and Mechanical Turk workers) examined vaccine-autism and GMO-illness misperceptions. Bode & Vraga · Journal of Communication · 2015

Detection methodsFact-checking & verification Fact Checking: Task definition and dataset constructionThis paper introduces fact-checking as a formal computational task: assessing the truthfulness of political claims as an ordinal classification problem with five labels (TRUE, MOSTLYTRUE, HALFTRUE, MOSTLYFALSE, FALSE). The authors construct a dataset of 106 objectively-verifiable fact-checked statements from PolitiFact and Channel 4 (out… Vlachos & Riedel · ACL 2014 Workshop on Language Technologies… · 2014

Spread & networksDatasets & evaluation Rumor CascadesFriggeri et al. tracked thousands of rumors on Facebook using Snopes.com as ground truth, finding that rumor cascades run deeper in the social network than typical content. True rumors spread more virally than false ones despite false rumors being more frequently uploaded; Snopes fact-checks increase deletion likelihood for false rumors… Friggeri et al. · Eighth International AAAI Conference on… · 2014

Psychology & interventionsFact-checking & verification Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful DebiasingThis comprehensive review synthesizes literature on why false beliefs persist despite corrections, examining cognitive mechanisms (coherence, credibility, source confusion, fluency) that render misinformation resistant to change. The authors propose evidence-based debiasing strategies—warnings, alternative explanations, repeated… Lewandowsky et al. · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · 2012