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India

The Indian context presents distinctive patterns in how misinformation spreads and its consequences. WhatsApp is a primary vector for false information in India, given high smartphone penetration but limited desktop internet access. Misinformation has been linked to communal violence, lynchings, and mob attacks particularly targeting religious minorities and lower-caste groups. The socio-political polarization, media landscape, and technological affordances of India create a unique environment for studying information disorder's real-world harms.

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