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Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society WhatsApp vigilantes: an exploration of citizen reception and circulation of WhatsApp misinformation linked to mob violence in IndiaThis LSE report examines how WhatsApp misinformation circulation in India relates to lynchings and mob violence since 2015. The study investigates citizen reception, technological affordances, motivations for sharing, and the broader socio-political context shaping how false information spreads through messaging platforms and triggers… Banaji et al. Spread & networksPlatforms, policy & society Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific LiteratureThis comprehensive literature review examines the relationships among social media usage, political polarization, and political disinformation, synthesizing research across six topic areas: online political conversations, consequences of disinformation exposure, producers of disinformation, spreading strategies, content and polarization… Tucker et al. Spread & networksPsychology & interventions Avoiding the Echo Chamber About Echo Chambers: Why selective exposure to like-minded political news is less prevalent than you thinkThis Knight Foundation white paper reviews the academic literature on echo chambers and filter bubbles and argues that the narrative of pervasive ideological self-segregation in media consumption is significantly overstated. While people do prefer congenial political information, most Americans consume diverse media diets; most partisan… Guess et al. Platforms, policy & societyPsychology & interventions Lexicon of Lies: Terms for Problematic InformationWords matter in describing problematic information. This guide clarifies distinctions between misinformation (unintentional inaccuracy), disinformation (deliberate deception), propaganda, publicity, gaslighting, and related terms. Jack Psychology & interventionsSpread & networks Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoningTwo studies with 3,446 participants found that people who score higher on cognitive reflection tests (measuring analytic thinking) are significantly less likely to believe partisan fake news—contradicting the "motivated reasoning" theory that political bias drives misinformation susceptibility. The effect holds regardless of political… Pennycook & Rand